The Running Style in English Prose

The free-running style, said Aristotle in his book On Rhetoric, is the kind that has no natural stopping-places, and comes to a stop only because there is no more to say of that subject (Book Three, Chapter Nine). Its a sentence style often used by excited children: And then Uncle Richard took us to the Dairy Queen and we had ice cream and I had strawberry and the bottom of my cone fell off and there was ice cream all over the floor and Mandy laughed and then she threw up and Uncle Richard took us home and didnt say anything. And the running style was favored by the 19th-century American poet Walt Whitman: The early lilacs became part of this child,And grass, and white and red morning-glories, and white and red clover, and the song of the phoebe-bird,And the Third-month lambs, and the sow’s pink-faint litter, and the mare’s foal, and the cow’s calf,And the noisy brood of the barn-yard, or by the mire of the pond-side,And the fish suspending themselves so curiously below there--and the beautiful curious liquid,And the water-plants with their graceful flat heads--all became part of him.(There Was a Child Went Forth, Leaves of Grass) The running style often appears in the Bible: And the rain descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon that house; and it fell: and great was the fall of it.(Matthew, 7:27) And Ernest Hemingway built his career on it: In the fall the war was always there, but we did not go to it any more. It was cold in the fall in Milan and the dark came very early. Then the electric lights came on, and it was pleasant along the streets looking in the windows. There was much game hanging outside the shops, and the snow powdered in the fur of the foxes and the wind blew their tails. The deer hung stiff and heavy and empty, and small birds blew in the wind and the wind turned their feathers. It was a cold fall and the wind came down from the mountains.(In Another Country) In contrast to the periodic sentence style, with its carefully layered subordinate clauses, the running style offers a relentless succession of simple and compound structures. As Richard Lanham observes in Analyzing Prose (Continuum, 2003), the running style gives the appearance of a mind at work, making things up as it goes along, with sentences mimicking the rambling, associative syntax of conversation. In The New Oxford Guide to Writing (1988), Thomas Kane itemizes the virtues of the running style—which he calls the freight-train style: It is useful when you wish to link a series of events, ideas, impressions, feelings, or perceptions as immediately as possible, without judging their relative value or imposing a logical structure upon them. . . .The sentence style directs our senses much as a camera directs them in a film, guiding us from one perception to another, yet creating a continuous experience. The freight-train style, then, can analyze experience much like a series of segregating sentences. But it brings the parts more closely together, and when it uses multiple coordination, it achieves a high degree of fluidity. In the essay Paradox and Dream, John Steinbeck adopts the running (or freight-train) style to identify some of the conflicting elements in the American character: We fight our way in, and try to buy our way out. We are alert, curious, hopeful, and we take more drugs designed to make us unaware than any other people. We are self-reliant and at the same time completely dependent. We are aggressive, and defenseless. Americans overindulge their children; the children in turn are overly dependent on their parents. We are complacent in our possessions, in our houses, in our education; but it is hard to find a man or woman who does not want something better for the next generation. Americans are remarkably kind and hospitable and open with both guests and strangers; and yet they will make a wide circle around the man dying on the pavement. Fortunes are spent getting cats out of trees and dogs out of sewer pipes; but a girl screaming for help in the street draws only slammed doors, closed windows, and silence. Clearly such a style can be effective in short bursts. But like any sentence style that calls attention to itself, the running style can easily wear out its welcome. Thomas Kane reports on the downside of the running style: The freight-train sentence implies that the thoughts it links together with grammatical equality are equally significant. But usually ideas are not of the same order of importance; some are major; others secondary. Moreover, this type of construction cannot show very precise logical relationships of cause and effect, condition, concession, and so on. To convey more complex relationships between ideas in our sentences, we generally shift from coordination to subordination--or, to use rhetorical terms, from parataxis to hypotaxis.

Differences in Roman, Chinese, and Persian Empires

Have you ever wondered the difference in ancient civilizations? I am going to tell you about the differences in these civilizations; Rome, China, and Persia. Two of these places are still here, but the other was taken over and is no longer in existence. Though these places are old, they have played a big part in the growth of humanity. They have played a major part in our culture, religion, and everyday activities. Many of the things that we do today are based upon what they did way back in these times. Without Rome, China, and Persia: Do you think we would be the same as we are today? They are all different, but they have one thing in common, they helped evolve the human species. â€Å"Floodwater dashed up against the skies... God issued a command allowing Yu to spread out the self-replacing soil so as to quell the foods in the Nine Provinces.† This myth from China’s remote past may reflect stories about the efforts of early rulers to control the flood waters of the H uang River- the mighty river that has been central to Chinese civilization since the earliest of times.† (Holt, World History textbook, 76). China is located in the far east side of Asia. They have very rugged mountains in the west, some of the tallest in the world. In the south there are many plateaus, moving north; there are semi-deserts. The heart of China, the China Proper, has been significant though it’s early years. China has three major rivers that they used for transportation, crops, and ect. they areShow MoreRelatedWorld History AP8768 Words   |  36 Pagesin the empires described in this chapter? †¢ All empires controlled large areas and populations. †¢ All empires were brought together by conquest and funded in part by extracting wealth from conquered peoples. †¢ All empires stimulated the exchange of ideas, cultures, and values among the peoples they conquered. †¢ All empires sought to foster an imperial identity that transcended more local identities and loyalties. †¢ All empires ultimately collapsed. 2. In what ways did these empires differ fromRead MoreSignificance Of The Hellenistic Period During The Classical Age1844 Words   |  8 Pageswere integrated into these empires ideas such as beliefs were able to spread much farther distances trade was facilitated throughout these regions - commercial organization 22. How are the political structures of Greece and Rome similar and different? Similarities: Somesort of procedure to remove a government official Only men were allowed to participate Differences: Rome was a republic Greece was depending on the city-state a democracy, monarchy, or oligarchy Roman women can become citizensRead MoreAnother Advancement Of The Tang Dynasty Was Its Arrangement1620 Words   |  7 Pagesadvancement of the Tang Dynasty was its arrangement of building up tributary states. Albeit prior Chinese lines gathered tribute, the practice turned out to be more mind boggling and institutionalized under the Tang. The Chinese tributary framework depended on their conviction that Chinese human advancement was better than others, yet savage and non-Chinese individuals could have admittance to Chinese ways giving they formally perceived the matchless quality of China and paid tribute to the head.Read MoreHistory Final1760 Words   |  8 PagesGreeks. B. Etruscans. C. Latins. D. Carthaginians. Chapter 12. 3. Charlemagne’s Carolingian Empire accomplished all of the following except A. it depended upon the allegiance of courts who ruled for the monarch in local areas. B. it encompassed much of western and central Europe. C. it restored an urban economy based upon the use of money. D. it symbolized the fusion of Roman, German, and Christian elements which would make up medieval civilization in Europe. Chapter 3. 24Read MoreAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 Pages15. In which society did women enjoy the most freedom and opportunity? * Egypt 16. In tribes which, as early as 3000 BCE, began to spread their language and agricultural techniques throughout Africa were the * Bantu 17. The Chinese philosophy that promoted strict social and political control was * Legalism 18. Social distinctions in Early River Valley civilizations were * Less pronounced than in Neolithic 19. By spreading their language across a huge stretchRead MoreReligion And Its Role Within Societies 600 B.c11006 Words   |  45 Pagesthe One that needed to be worshiped. This idea of a single God, would later become the concept that layed the fundamentals to other dominant Western Religions, such as Christianity and Islam. One other key concept that would be present in the Greek, Roman, and modern religions was the idea of a deal with that God, a covenant. This would mean that the God you worship could affect your life in a positive or a negative way depending on your behaviour and on your following this God’s rules. One of theRead MoreByzantium and Sassanid Empire1999 Words   |  8 Pagesstart of the post-classical era two empires existed that were among the first wave of post-classical empires. They were the Byzantine Empire and the Persian Sassanid Empire. They Byzantine Empire was known to be a continuation of the Roman Empire that lasted for one-thousand years . Although this sounds like an achievement the one-thousand year Byzantine Empire was not as great as it is expected to be. The Sassanid Empire that lied just east of the Byzantine Empire, or in present day Iran was alsoRead MoreThe First Civilizations : The Rise Of Civilization1876 Words   |  8 Pagesfirst civilizations, the foundations for future empires, were all founded and created between 3500 B.C.E. and 500 B.C.E. by groups of nomadic peoples who decided to settle in an area for certain group specific reasons. Some of the main states of the first civilization were Mesopotamia, Norte Chico, Egypt, Indus Valley, China, and Olmec. The second wave civilizations, built between 500 B.C.E. and 500 C.E., included the Persians, the Greeks, Romans, Chinese (Qin and Han), and India (Mauryan and Gupta)Read MoreThe Abbasid Revolution1815 Words   |  8 Pagesas the ‘blessed dynasty’, which imposed its authority on the Islamic empire in 132/750, claimed to inaugurate a ne w era of justice, piety and happiness. The dynasty ruled the Islamic Caliphate from 750 to 1258 AD, making it one of the longest and most influential Islamic dynasties. For most of its early history, it was the largest empire in the world, and this meant that it had contact with distant neighbors such as the Chinese and Indians in the East, and the Byzantines in the West, allowing itRead MoreThe Postclassical Period2238 Words   |  9 Pagesbecame more complex. The classical empires of Rome, Han China, Gupta India and Archaemenid Persia fell due to external and internal forces and were replaced by the larger empires of the post classical Byzantine; Tsui, Tang and Song in China and the Caliphates in Persia. Only India did not return to an over reaching centralized empire. During the post-classical Dar el-Islam united much of Eurasia with a single religious adherence to Islam. Also, the largest empire the world was ever to see, the Mongols

Cypop5 Task 1 Free Essays

Ella O’Gorman Task 1 As a home-based child-carer I would like to provide parent’s/carers with information outlining the following: Current Legislation. Role of the Regulatory Bodies. Legislation is a very important part of my practise. We will write a custom essay sample on Cypop5 Task 1 or any similar topic only for you Order Now It ensures that I provide a high standard of care for the children that attend my setting. There are several pieces of legislation that affect the early years and childcare sector but I have outlined ones that I feel are most important and relevant to my work as a home-based child-care provider. Children Act (1989) -This act aims to improve effective local authorities working to safeguard and promote children’s well being and support vulnerable children. The act aims to ensure that the welfare of the children is paramount, working in partnerships with parents to protect children from harm. In 1999 a document entitled ‘working together to safeguard children’ was published, it reinforces the message that all professionals have a duty of care towards children who are at risk of harm. Children Act (2004) -This act was to improve communication between various organisations, after the terrible death of Victoria Climbe highlighted the lack of communication between organ isations responsible for her safety. As a result of this A Green paper entitled ‘Every Child Matters’ was published. This paper lists five outcomes which were identified in consultation with children and young people. The five outcomes are as follows: 1. Being Healthy: enjoying good physical and mental health and living a healthy lifestyle. 2. Staying Safe: being protected from harm and neglect. 3. Enjoying Achieving: getting the most out of life and developing the skills for adulthood. 4. Making a Positive Contribution: being involved with the community and society and not engaging in anti-social or offending behaviour. 5. Economic well-Being: not being prevented by economic disadvantage from achieving their full potential. * Childcare Act (2006) – This act ensures that childcare in England is regulated and has replaced part of the children act (1989). The act covers registration and inspection which are carried out by the regulatory body Ofsted. This is when the EYFS was introduced. They inspect the standard of education and care framework for the early years and general childcare registers ensuring that the five outcomes set out in the children act (2004) and all Ofsted registry requirements are being met. * SENDA (2001) – Special Educational Needs Disability Act – This act is intended to prevent the unfair treatment of individuals. The act requires reasonable provisions to ensure providers adopt an inclusive approach towards children with disabilities or special needs and everybody is treated equally. * EYFS (2012) – Early Years Foundation Stage -This comes from the childcare act 2006. It first came into effect on the 1st of Sept 2008 and then was reformed to be effective from 1st Sept 2012 to take forward the Governments changes to the 2008 framework. This framework covers both the learning and development and the welfare requirements and is mandatory for all early years providers on the Early Years Register. The learning and development requirements are given legal force by an Order made under section 39(1)(a) of the Childcare Act 2006. The safeguarding and welfare requirements are given legal force by Regulations under Section 39(1)(b) of the Childcare Act 2006. Ella O’Gorman The Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) sets the standards that all early years providers must meet to ensure that all children learn and develop well and are kept healthy and safe. It promotes teaching and learning to ensure children’s ‘school readiness’ it also gives children the broad range of knowledge and skills that provide the right foundation for good futu re progress through school and life. The EYFS seeks to provide the following: * Quality and consistency – so that every child makes good progress and no child gets left behind. A secure foundation – through learning and development opportunities which are planned around the needs and interests of individuals which are assessed and reviewed regularly. * Partnership working – of practitioners and with parent’s/carer’s. * Equality of opportunity – by anti-discriminatory practise ensuring every child is included and supported. The EYFS has four guiding principles that help shape practise in the early years settings. These are: * Unique child as every child is and is constantly learning, they can be resilient, capable, confident and self-assured; Positive relationships as all children learn to be strong and independent through these; * Enabling Environments help children to develop well, their experiences respond to their individual needs and the re should be a strong partnership between practitioners and parents/carers; * Children develop and learn in different ways at different rates The framework covers education and care for all children including special educational needs and disabilities. As mentioned before the EYFS covers both learning and development and the welfare of children. Learning and Development Requirements: This section defines what providers must do in partnership with parents/carers. The learning and development requirements compromise: * The seven areas of learning and development and the educational programmes; * The early learning goals, which are the knowledge, skills, and understanding that all young children should have gained by the end of reception year; * The assessment requirements (when and how practitioners must assess children’s achievements and how they share this progress with parents/carers). The seven areas of learning are divided into two areas. All areas of learning and development are important and inter-connected. Three areas are crucial for igniting children’s curiosity and enthusiasm for learning and for building their capacity to learn, form relationships and thrive. Prime Areas – the three areas cover; * Communication and language – The early learning goals for this area are; Listening and attention Understanding Speaking 2 Ella O’Gorman * Physical Development – The early learning goals for this area are; Moving and Handling Health and Self Care * Personal, Social and Emotional Development – The early learning goals for this area are; Making relationships Self-confidence and self awareness Managing feelings and behaviour Providers must also support children in four areas, through which the three prime areas are strengthened Specific Areas – The four areas are; * Literacy – The early learning goals for this area are; Reading Writing * Mathematics – The early learning goals for this area are; Numbers Shape, space and measure * Understanding of the world – The early learning goals for this area are; People and communities The world Technology * Expressive Arts and Design – The early learning goals for this area are; Exploring and using media and materials Being imaginative Assessment – at the end of the EYFS. Practitioners are expected to complete an EYFS profile on each child. The profile provides parents/carers and teachers with a well rounded picture of a child’s knowledge, understanding and abilities. The profile must reflect ongoing observation and each child’s development must be assessed against the early learning goals. Practitioners must indicate whether children are meeting expected levels of development, or if they are exceeding expected levels, or not yet reaching expected levels (emerging). Safeguarding and Welfare Requirements: This section defines what providers must do to help children develop in a safe and secure environment. These cover: * Safeguarding and Promoting Children’s Welfare – Always working to promote children’s welfare and their good health and the way in which their behaviour is managed. * Suitable people – Making sure that all adults looking after children or having unsupervised access are suitable to do so, qualifications and training and adult: child ratios. Childminders are responsible. Ella O’Gorman * Suitable premises – Maintaining the safety and suitability of outdoor/indoor spaces, furniture, equipment and toys. Also health and safety law, and need to register as a food business and deal with food/hygiene appropriately. * Organisation – The planning and organisation of systems. Ensure that all receive an enjoyable and challenging learning and development experience that meets children’s in dividual needs. Documentation – The records, policies and procedures needed for safe and efficient management of the business and to meet the needs of the children. * Race relations Act (1976) amended in 2000- Childcare providers are required to produce a policy on racial equality and to actively encourage positive relationships between members of different racial backgrounds. * Education Act (1997) – This act incorporates all previous acts since 1944 into one act. Set a time frame on the legal process for identifying and assessing a child’s needs as set out in the Code of Practise. Education Act (1981) – This act was the first official recognition of: Parent’s rights regarding children’s education and special educational needs. * Education Act (1993) – This was a code of practice to be published for children with special educational needs. Parents of children under 2yrs have the right to ask for a child to be formally assessed. * Fam ily Law Act (1996) – This act sets out the guidance relating to safeguarding children. * UNCRC (1989) – United Nations Convention of the Rights of Children – This reinforces children’s rights all over the world. It gives children and young people over 40 major rights, some include the right to a family life, the right to be protected from all types of violence, the right to be healthy, the right to have a say and to be taken seriously and the right to have an education that helps you grow as a person. The UNCRC gives extra rights to children in very difficult circumstances, including children in trouble with the law and refugee and asylum seeking children. * Data Protection Act (1998) – This act Controls how your personal information is used. As child carers we must not pass on information about the families we work with. (except in cases of safeguarding). Personal information should be kept safely locked away. * Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations (1995) – This act sets out basic hygiene requirements. It’s considered good practise for childminders to hold a Basic Food Hygiene Certificate. * Health Protection Agency Act (2004) – A UK-Wide public body dedicated to protecting people’s health. * Public Health (Control of Disease) Act (1984) – This act covers the notification and exclusion periods for certain infectious diseases. RIDDOR (1995) – Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations – This specifies certain accidents and incidents that must be reported by law. * COSHH (2002) – Care of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations – This deals with the identification, storage and use of potentially harmful substances such as cleaning fluids. There is more legislation that I use in my work. I have given a brief description of each one that I feel is important for my home based setting, others are listed below: If you would like to know about these in more detail please let me know. Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations (1981) * Fire Precautions (Workplace) Regulations (1997) * Toys (Safety) Regulations (1995) 4 Ella O’Gorman The Regulatory Body also has a very important impact on the way I run my home-based setting. Home-based child-carers must be registered with the regulatory body for their country before they can care for other people’s children in their home. All the regulatory bodies publish requirements, or standards and procedures that childminders have to meet in order to become registered. In England there are five general welfare requirements: * Safeguarding and promoting children’s welfare * Suitable people * Suitable premises, environment and equipment * Organisation * Documentation Regulatory bodies in the UK * England – Ofsted. * Wales – Care and social services Inspectorate Wales (CSSIW) Standards. * Scotland – Scottish Commission for the Regulation of Care. * Northern Ireland – Local Health and Social Services Trust. The role of Ofsted is to use the registration systems in place so that they can make sure that home-based child-carers: * Meet the requirements in the Statutory Framework for the Early Years Foundation Stage. * Are suitable people to provide care for children. * Can promote an environment where children are well cared for, are safe and their learning and development are catered for. Ofsted have processes and systems to control home-based childcare in the following ways. * Registration – This covers checks on all adults who will be on the premises at the time of operation. Inspection – Once registered inspectors carry out checks on the service you offer. This is written as a report and must be offered to parent’s. * Investigation – Complaints or concern is followed by an investigation into your service to make sure you comply with the welfare requirements. * Enforcement – If requirements aren’t met then Ofsted can take action against you. When childcare providers apply for registration there are 3 different registers. 1. Early Years Register – To care for children from birth to 5 years 11 months. This is compulsory. 2. Ofsted Childcare Register – To care for 6 – 8 years. This is compulsory. 3. Voluntary Register – For over 8 years. This is not compulsory. It is usual for childminders to go on all 3 registers so that they are covering the total age range. If you are on more than one register you have to make sure you can meet the requirements for all of the registers and show that you can meet the needs of the age range of children you are caring for. To become registered other requirements by Ofsted would be: * To be peadiatric first aid trained. * Have an enhanced CRB check 5 Ella O’Gorman * Be qualified at a minimum of level 2 in an area of work relevant to childcare * Suitable insurance cover. Pre-registration visit to check safety of premises. As well as being the regulatory body you need to register with, Ofsted would also require that you inform them of matters affecting the welfare of children: * If protection issues arise at your setting. * Any incident of food poisoning affecting two or more children. * Any serious accident or injury to, or death of any child while receiving childcare. Having legislation and regulating bodies in place ensures that children receive a high standard of care in all settings that a child attends away from home. This helps give you as parents/carers reassurance when leaving their children. Task 2 Accidents, illness and emergencies policy I aim to keep children safe when they are in my care. However accidents and illnesses can happen very quickly. I promote good health and take necessary steps to prevent accidents and the spread of infection and illness. My premises have been checked and they meet the requirements set out in the Early Years Foundation Stage in England. I also review, update and practise my safety routines regularly including fire drills. As a registered childminder, I am legally required to have a valid first aid certificate. I can administer basic first aid treatment on children as I last did my training in Nov 2012. I have a first aid box which is clearly labelled and kept in the cupboard in my kitchen which is easily accessible. I keep all parents contact details with the first aid box. All accidents will be recorded in an accident book, which is available to parent’s who will also be expected to sign a copy. I have a written permission form signed by parent’s kept in each child’s file, seeking emergency treatment for their child if needed. I check all equipment regularly for safety, and to make sure they are used using their correct guidelines and manufacturer’s instructions. All equipment is cleaned after use, either on a daily or weekly basis depending on type of equipment. I must notify Ofsted of any serious accidents, illnesses or injuries or the death of a child whilst in my care and any action I have taken within 14 days. If your child becomes ill during the childminding period or I suspect they have an infectious disease. I will contact parent’s to collect the child. Ensure that the child is kept home until they have been well for an agreed amount of time. Please refer to sickness exclusion period table which is included. 6 Ella O’Gorman I have an arranged emergency back-up should an emergency arise. Procedure To ensure that this policy is implemented, these are the steps that I follow: All parent’s/carers are made aware of my policies and procedures during the settling in period. They will also be made aware of their responsibilities of collecting their child when they are sick. I go through all the paperwork with them and parent’s/carers sign copies to say that they agree. If concerns are raised adaptions can then be made. If there is an accident: I will comfort and reassure the injured child while making sure all other children are safe and well, in a secure place where I can see them. If possible I will deal with the accident/injury, if it requires further expertise I will ring 999 for help. If I have to attend hospital with the injured child, I will either bring the other children with me, or call my emergency back-up cover. This will be another registered childminder or known responsible adult. These people will be known to you and are named below. If I manage to deal with the accident myself, I will then contact the child’s parent’s/carers immediately. If I accompany the child to hospital, I will contact their parent’s/carers and ask them to meet me at the hospital. If I am not able to contact parents/carers in cases of emergencies then this may be done by emergency back-up cover. You will be expected to collect your child straight away. How to cite Cypop5 Task 1, Essay examples

General Law of Contract Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the General Law of Contract. Answer: Introduction Contract lawis an important field for any and every business, irrespective of its scale and the industry in which the business operates. In order for the businesses to conduct their business efficiently, it becomes crucial that the contractlaw is properly adhered, as nearly every aspect of business requires a contract to be formed[1]. Electronic Transaction Act, 1999[2], short for ETA is a crucial piece of legislation where the different aspects of contractlaw merge and through which, different regulations for the digital marketing are presented. In the following parts, a discussion has been carried in which thegeneral law of contract has been discussed. Apart from this, the different aspects of ETA, which can be applicable on the business of Thelonious have been discussed and have been applied, so as to conclusively provide an advice for the client. General Law of Contract A contract denotes that a promise has been made between two or more parties, in which one side pays the consideration and the other side undertakes the condition for which the promise has been made.[3] A contract can be created by putting down the terms on a paper and getting them signed from both the contracting parties, which would result in a written contract; or simply by exchanging the terms in an oral manner, making a verbal contract. For the formation of contract, there is a need to have the elements of offer, acceptance, clarity, consideration, intention and capacity. In case even one of these elements is not present, a contract cannot be formed[4]. The first step towards creating a contract is the offer. One party has to offer some terms on the basis of which the promise is made, to the other party[5]. It is important to differentiate between an invitation to treat and an offer. The former denotes the aim of the parties to start with the negotiations for the contract and the latter shows the aim of the parties to be bound by the contract[6]. When the goods are displayed on the shop window, they are an invitation to treat as was stated in Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain v Boots[7] and the offer is only made when the individual picks the goods and takes it to the cashier for billing. And so, on the basis of display, the shopkeeper is not obligated to sell the product. The adverts in the newspaper are also taken to be invitation to treat, as was famously held in Partridge v Crittenden[8]. However, when it comes to a unilateral offer made in the newspaper, as was held in Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company[9], which can b e accepted through performance, it is deemed that an offer has been made instead of an invitation to treat. The next step which has to be taken for the creation of any contract is the acceptance. The acceptance has to be taken on the offer which was made and by the individual to whom the offer was made[10]. The acceptance has to be properly communication and a silence is not an acceptance and the famous example of this is Felthouse v Bindley[11]. It is important that while communicating the acceptance, the offer is accepted in the exact manner in which it was made, without modifying or altering it. When the communication has changed or altered term, it is considered as counter offer as was famously established in Hyde v. Wrench[12]. And this would mean that the original offer is expired. The date of acceptance, as per the general acceptance rules provides that the acceptance date is such date on which the offering party attains the communication of acceptance sent by the accepting party. However, a key exception to this rule is the postal rules of acceptance. As per postal rules, the acceptance date is the date of posting the acceptance letter and the receiving date of this letter is irrelevant. The rationale behind this is considering the postal office as the agent of the offering party[13]. A leading case in which the validity of the postal rules of acceptance was upheld was the case of Adams v. Lindsell[14], whereby the court stated that the contract was enforceable. Though, when a third party responds to such communication and send the acceptance, the date of receipt is the date of acceptance instead of the sending date, as per the case of Leach Nominees Pty Ltd v Walter Wright Pty Ltd[15]. Consideration is one more key element in contract formation, without which, the contract is declared as invalid. A consideration is not required to be adequate and just has to be sufficient. And it is also important that consideration moves from the promisee[16]. The amount of consideration is mutually decided between the parties. And if the consideration does not have economic value, it makes the consideration invalid, as was held in White v Bluett[17]. Another requirement for forming the contract is for the parties to have an intention of entering into lawful relation[18]. The parties also need to have the contractual capacity, in terms of being of legal age and sound mind. Lastly, the terms on which the contract is based has to be very clear for a valid contract to be formed[19]. Electronic Transaction Act A key piece of legislation which is applicable on the digital contracts is the ETA. The electronic contracts are contracts formed through electronic means. Under these, the offer and acceptance are made through emails. Each jurisdiction in the nation has its own version of ETA, which is identical to the ETA of commonwealth[20]. Section 14 relates to the date of sending the offer and acceptance, which is aligned with the postal rules of acceptance. The date on which the communication is sent from the device of the sender is accordingly deemed as the date of offer or acceptance[21]. Section 15 of ETA provides that the communication becomes binding on the creator of the electronic communication in such situation where the authority is obtained from the creator or was sent by the creator of such communication[22]. Section 10 imposes an obligation of signature[23]. This section provides that in such cases where signature is a requirement, the condition would be deemed as been met when the reliable method has been selected for such communication[24]. For instance, the automatic insertion of email headers, in Mehta V J Pereira Fernandes S.A [25] was taken to be an unreliable method for the signing of a document[26]. The validity to the electronic contracts is provided through section 19 of this act[27]. Analysis and Application There are a number of nuances that Thelonious would have to keep in mind for forming the contracts online, owing to his shift towards a digital platform. Particularly when he has to take up the online sales and set the website up, certain key elements of the contract law have to be kept in mind, along with the applicability of the ETA. As is the case with advertisements in the newspapers, the adverts on the internet are deemed as invitation to treat. This can be inferred from the examples of Kodak and Amazon UK, where the prices were wrongly advertised and the court in both the cases upheld the adverts as invitation to treat. The intention is also considered for creating the contracts through online mode. The Supreme Court in the case of Stellard Pty Ltd Anor v North Queensland Fuel Pty Ltd[28] held that the term had been subjected to the contract; however the offer and acceptance consisted of different rounds of telephonic conversation and emails. And this conduct depicted the intention of the parties to form a contract; thus leading to a valid contract being formed in this case. In order to form an electronic contract, there is a need for a clear notice to be given to the customer and to provide that the contract law is applicable. Further, there is a need for a clear statement to show what would be deemed as an acceptance of the agreement. And lastly, the consumer has to be given a chance for reviewing the terms and condition of the agreement, before the contract becomes enforceable on them. There are two key forms of electronic contracts. And these include the click through and the browse wrap. The browse wrap agreements have the terms and conditions at different page, which are accessed through a hyperlink[29]. The click through agreements is the most common type of electronic contracts and in these an individual has to scroll down through the entire terms and conditions of a particular agreement and the acceptance to this agreement is provided by clicking on a tick box or a button which is placed at the bottom of the agreement in order for the same to be transformed into an enforceable contract. In a click through agreement, the agreements terms and conditions are accepted by simply clicking on the I Accept or a similar icon. This is an end user agreement which usually comes with the software covered in the plastic wrapping. The court held that by clicking on Accept icon, which was given in the end of the contractual terms, in of DeJohn v The TV Corporation Internatio nal, et al.[30], the plaintiff had entered into the contract. Thus, it is crucial for Thelonious to keep extra care when drawing up the website and opting for one of these two methods. Specific Advice The common law of contract and the ETA summarized above, along with the different aspects of the electronic contracts and the manner in which these two can be formed draw out a clear advice for Thelonious. Thelonious is required to pay a key attention to all these laws and make informed choices, and present the same to his customers, particularly when they have to form the electronic contract by merely clicking on a button. The customers have to be clearly informed that by clicking on such button, an electronic contract would be formed, which would bind them in a legal manner. The key thought here that the offer and acceptance has to be obtained and the minds have to be met of the consumer and of Thelonious, so that an intention to form an electronic contract is clearly presented. Thelonious would provide the products and the consumer would purchase at the agreed price and at the agreed conditions. Amongst the two methods available for creating online contracts, it is advised to Thel onious to opt for click wrap agreements as the consumer would not have to go to a different page to access the terms and can easily read these on the same page. Conclusion In the preceding parts, the different aspects of contract law, particularly related to the formation of contract were highlighted. The discussion was initially focused in the manner a basic contract is formed, and for which the different elements of contract are required. The discussion then moved on to the different sections of the ETA, which are commonly used in the electronic contract and which even provide the validity to such contracts. This was followed by elucidating the manner in which the electronic contracts are formed, i.e., the click wrap and the shrink wrap, and the need for the consumer to be aware of entering into the contract, by clicking on these. Lastly, an advice for Thelonious was drawn whereby he was advised to adopt the laws stated earlier and take special care while coming up with the manner in which the contracts with the customers are to be made, i.e., the adoption of click wrap method. 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